Regina Calculation Engine
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Represents an expression involving generators from a group presentation or a free group. More...
#include <algebra/ngrouppresentation.h>
Public Member Functions | |
NGroupExpression () | |
The terms that make up this expression. More... | |
NGroupExpression (const NGroupExpression &cloneMe) | |
Creates a new expression that is a clone of the given expression. More... | |
NGroupExpression (const std::string &input, bool *valid=NULL) | |
Attempts to interpret the given input string as a word in a group. More... | |
NGroupExpression & | operator= (const NGroupExpression &cloneMe) |
Makes this expression a clone of the given expression. More... | |
bool | operator== (const NGroupExpression &comp) const |
Equality operator. More... | |
std::list< NGroupExpressionTerm > & | getTerms () |
Returns the list of terms in this expression. More... | |
const std::list < NGroupExpressionTerm > & | getTerms () const |
Returns a constant reference to the list of terms in this expression. More... | |
unsigned long | getNumberOfTerms () const |
Returns the number of terms in this expression. More... | |
unsigned long | wordLength () const |
Returns the length of the word, i.e. More... | |
bool | isTrivial () const |
Tests whether this is the trivial (unit) word. More... | |
void | erase () |
Erases all terms from this this word. More... | |
NGroupExpressionTerm & | getTerm (unsigned long index) |
Returns the term at the given index in this expression. More... | |
const NGroupExpressionTerm & | getTerm (unsigned long index) const |
Returns a constant reference to the term at the given index in this expression. More... | |
unsigned long | getGenerator (unsigned long index) const |
Returns the generator corresonding to the term at the given index in this expression. More... | |
long | getExponent (unsigned long index) const |
Returns the exponent corresonding to the term at the given index in this expression. More... | |
void | addTermFirst (const NGroupExpressionTerm &term) |
Adds the given term to the beginning of this expression. More... | |
void | addTermFirst (unsigned long generator, long exponent) |
Adds the given term to the beginning of this expression. More... | |
void | addTermLast (const NGroupExpressionTerm &term) |
Adds the given term to the end of this expression. More... | |
void | addTermLast (unsigned long generator, long exponent) |
Adds the given term to the end of this expression. More... | |
void | addTermsFirst (const NGroupExpression &word) |
Multiplies this expression on the left by the given word. More... | |
void | addTermsLast (const NGroupExpression &word) |
Multiplies this expression on the right by the given word. More... | |
bool | addStringFirst (const std::string &input) |
Multiplies this expression on the left by the word respresented by the given string. More... | |
bool | addStringLast (const std::string &input) |
Multiplies this expression on the right by the word respresented by the given string. More... | |
void | cycleRight () |
Cycles this word by moving the leftmost term around to the rightmost. More... | |
void | cycleLeft () |
Cycles this word by moving the rightmost term around to the leftmost. More... | |
NGroupExpression * | inverse () const |
Returns a newly created expression that is the inverse of this expression. More... | |
void | invert () |
Inverts this expression. More... | |
NGroupExpression * | power (long exponent) const |
Returns a newly created expression that is this expression raised to the given power. More... | |
bool | simplify (bool cyclic=false) |
Simplifies this expression. More... | |
bool | substitute (unsigned long generator, const NGroupExpression &expansion, bool cyclic=false) |
Replaces every occurrence of the given generator with the given substite expression. More... | |
std::list< std::map< unsigned long, NGroupExpressionTerm > > | relabellingsThisToOther (const NGroupExpression &other, bool cyclic=false) const |
Determines whether or not one can relabel the generators in this word to obtain the given other word. More... | |
void | writeXMLData (std::ostream &out) const |
Writes a chunk of XML containing this expression. More... | |
std::string | toTeX () const |
Returns a TeX representation of this expression. More... | |
void | writeTeX (std::ostream &out) const |
Writes a TeX represesentation of this expression to the given output stream. More... | |
void | writeText (std::ostream &out, bool shortword=false) const |
Writes a text representation of this expression to the given output stream, using either numbered generators or alphabetic generators. More... | |
virtual void | writeTextShort (std::ostream &out) const |
The text representation will be of the form g2^4 g13^-5 g4 . More... | |
Input and Output | |
virtual void | writeTextLong (std::ostream &out) const |
Writes this object in long text format to the given output stream. More... | |
std::string | str () const |
Returns the output from writeTextShort() as a string. More... | |
std::string | toString () const |
A deprecated alias for str(), which returns the output from writeTextShort() as a string. More... | |
std::string | detail () const |
Returns the output from writeTextLong() as a string. More... | |
std::string | toStringLong () const |
A deprecated alias for detail(), which returns the output from writeTextLong() as a string. More... | |
Represents an expression involving generators from a group presentation or a free group.
An expression is represented as word, i.e, a sequence of powers of generators all of which are multiplied in order. Each power of a generator corresponds to an individual NGroupExpressionTerm.
For instance, the expression g1^2 g3^-1 g6
contains the three terms g1^2
, g3^-1
and g6^1
in that order.
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The terms that make up this expression.
Creates a new expression with no terms.
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Creates a new expression that is a clone of the given expression.
cloneMe | the expression to clone. |
regina::NGroupExpression::NGroupExpression | ( | const std::string & | input, |
bool * | valid = NULL |
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Attempts to interpret the given input string as a word in a group.
Regina can recognise strings in the following four basic forms:
a^7b^-2
aaaaaaaBB
a^7B^2
g0^7g1^-2
The string may contain whitespace, which will simply be ignored.
The argument valid may be null
, but if it is non-null then the boolean it points to will be used for error reporting. This routine sets valid to true
if the string was successfully interpreted, or false
if the algorithm failed to interpret the string.
Regardless of whether valid is null
, if the string could not be interpreted then this expression will be initialised to the trivial word.
null
.input | the input string that is to be interpreted. |
valid | used for error reporting as described above, or null if no error reporting is required. |
bool regina::NGroupExpression::addStringFirst | ( | const std::string & | input | ) |
Multiplies this expression on the left by the word respresented by the given string.
See the string-based constructor NGroupExpression(const std::string&, bool*) for further information on how this string should be formatted.
If the given string cannot be interpreted as a word in a group, then this expression will be left untouched.
input | a string representation of the word to multiply with this expression. |
true
if the given string could interpreted (and therefore the multiplication was completed successfully), or false
if the given string could not be interpreted (in which case this expression will be left untouched). bool regina::NGroupExpression::addStringLast | ( | const std::string & | input | ) |
Multiplies this expression on the right by the word respresented by the given string.
See the string-based constructor NGroupExpression(const std::string&, bool*) for further information on how this string should be formatted.
If the given string cannot be interpreted as a word in a group, then this expression will be left untouched.
input | a string representation of the word to multiply with this expression. |
true
if the given string could interpreted (and therefore the multiplication was completed successfully), or false
if the given string could not be interpreted (in which case this expression will be left untouched).
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Adds the given term to the beginning of this expression.
term | the term to add. |
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Adds the given term to the beginning of this expression.
generator | the number of the generator corresponding to the new term. |
exponent | the exponent to which the given generator is raised. |
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Adds the given term to the end of this expression.
term | the term to add. |
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Adds the given term to the end of this expression.
generator | the number of the generator corresponding to the new term. |
exponent | the exponent to which the given generator is raised. |
void regina::NGroupExpression::addTermsFirst | ( | const NGroupExpression & | word | ) |
Multiplies this expression on the left by the given word.
This expression will be modified directly.
word | the word to multiply with this expression. |
void regina::NGroupExpression::addTermsLast | ( | const NGroupExpression & | word | ) |
Multiplies this expression on the right by the given word.
This expression will be modified directly.
word | the word to multiply with this expression. |
void regina::NGroupExpression::cycleLeft | ( | ) |
Cycles this word by moving the rightmost term around to the leftmost.
All other terms shift one step to the right.
If the word is of the form g_i1^j1 g_i2^j2 ... g_in^jn
, this converts it into the word g_in^jn g_i1^j1 g_i1^j1 ... g_in-1^jn-1
.
void regina::NGroupExpression::cycleRight | ( | ) |
Cycles this word by moving the leftmost term around to the rightmost.
All other terms shift one step to the left.
If the word is of the form g_i1^j1 g_i2^j2 ... g_in^jn
, this converts it into the word g_i2^j2 ... g_in^jn g_i1^j1
.
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inherited |
Returns the output from writeTextLong() as a string.
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Erases all terms from this this word.
This effectively turns this word into the identity element.
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Returns the exponent corresonding to the term at the given index in this expression.
Index 0 represents the first term, index 1 represents the second term and so on.
index | the index of the term to return; this must be between 0 and getNumberOfTerms()-1 inclusive. |
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Returns the generator corresonding to the term at the given index in this expression.
Index 0 represents the first term, index 1 represents the second term and so on.
index | the index of the term to return; this must be between 0 and getNumberOfTerms()-1 inclusive. |
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Returns the number of terms in this expression.
For instance, the expression g1^2 g3^-1 g6
contains three terms. See also getWordLength().
NGroupExpressionTerm& regina::NGroupExpression::getTerm | ( | unsigned long | index | ) |
Returns the term at the given index in this expression.
Index 0 represents the first term, index 1 represents the second term and so on.
index | the index of the term to return; this must be between 0 and getNumberOfTerms()-1 inclusive. |
const NGroupExpressionTerm& regina::NGroupExpression::getTerm | ( | unsigned long | index | ) | const |
Returns a constant reference to the term at the given index in this expression.
Index 0 represents the first term, index 1 represents the second term and so on.
index | the index of the term to return; this must be between 0 and getNumberOfTerms()-1 inclusive. |
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Returns the list of terms in this expression.
These are the actual terms stored internally; any modifications made to this list will show up in the expression itself.
For instance, the expression g1^2 g3^-1 g6
has list consisting of three terms g1^2
, g3^-1
and g6^1
in that order.
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Returns a constant reference to the list of terms in this expression.
For instance, the expression g1^2 g3^-1 g6
has list consisting of three terms g1^2
, g3^-1
and g6^1
in that order.
NGroupExpression* regina::NGroupExpression::inverse | ( | ) | const |
Returns a newly created expression that is the inverse of this expression.
The terms will be reversed and the exponents negated.
void regina::NGroupExpression::invert | ( | ) |
Inverts this expression.
Does not allocate or deallocate anything.
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Tests whether this is the trivial (unit) word.
No attempt is made to remove redundant terms (so the word g g^-1
will be treated as non-trivial).
true
if and only if this is the trivial word.
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Makes this expression a clone of the given expression.
cloneMe | the expression to clone. |
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Equality operator.
Checks to see whether or not these two words represent the same literal string.
comp | the expression to compare against this. |
true
if this and the given string literal are identical. NGroupExpression* regina::NGroupExpression::power | ( | long | exponent | ) | const |
Returns a newly created expression that is this expression raised to the given power.
Note that the given exponent may be positive, zero or negative.
exponent | the power to which this expression should be raised. |
std::list< std::map< unsigned long, NGroupExpressionTerm > > regina::NGroupExpression::relabellingsThisToOther | ( | const NGroupExpression & | other, |
bool | cyclic = false |
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) | const |
Determines whether or not one can relabel the generators in this word to obtain the given other word.
If so, returns a non-empty list of all such relabellings. If not, returns an empty list.
Relabellings are partially-defined permutations on the generator set, also allowing for possible inversions if cyclic is true
.
true
, then both this word and other have been cyclically reduced.other | the word to compare against this. |
cyclic | if false we get a list of exact relabellings from this word to other. If true , it can be up to cyclic permutation and inversion. |
bool regina::NGroupExpression::simplify | ( | bool | cyclic = false | ) |
Simplifies this expression.
Adjacent powers of the same generator will be combined, and terms with an exponent of zero will be removed. Note that it is not assumed that the underlying group is abelian.
You may declare that the expression is cyclic, in which case it is assumed that terms may be moved from the back to the front and vice versa. Thus expression g1 g2 g1 g2 g1
simplifies to g1^2 g2 g1 g2
if it is cyclic, but does not simplify at all if it is not cyclic.
cyclic | true if and only if the expression may be assumed to be cyclic. |
true
if and only if this expression was changed.
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Returns the output from writeTextShort() as a string.
__str__()
function.bool regina::NGroupExpression::substitute | ( | unsigned long | generator, |
const NGroupExpression & | expansion, | ||
bool | cyclic = false |
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Replaces every occurrence of the given generator with the given substite expression.
If the given generator was found, the expression will be simplified once the substitution is complete.
generator | the generator to be replaced. |
expansion | the substitute expression that will replace every occurrence of the given generator. |
cyclic | true if and only if the expression may be assumed to be cyclic; see simplify() for further details. |
true
if and only if any substitutions were made.
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A deprecated alias for str(), which returns the output from writeTextShort() as a string.
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A deprecated alias for detail(), which returns the output from writeTextLong() as a string.
std::string regina::NGroupExpression::toTeX | ( | ) | const |
Returns a TeX representation of this expression.
See writeTeX() for details on how this is formed.
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Returns the length of the word, i.e.
the number of letters with exponent +1 or -1 for which this word is expressable as a product.
For instance, the expression g1^2 g3^-1 g6
is a word of length four. See also getNumberOfTerms().
No attempt is made to remove redundant terms (so the word g g^-1
will count as length two).
void regina::NGroupExpression::writeTeX | ( | std::ostream & | out | ) | const |
Writes a TeX represesentation of this expression to the given output stream.
The text representation will be of the form g_2^4 g_{13}^{-5} g_4
.
out | the output stream to which to write. |
void regina::NGroupExpression::writeText | ( | std::ostream & | out, |
bool | shortword = false |
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) | const |
Writes a text representation of this expression to the given output stream, using either numbered generators or alphabetic generators.
The text representation will be of the form g2^4 g13^-5 g4
. If the shortword flag is true, it will assume your word is in an alphabet of no more than 26 letters, and will write the word using lower-case ASCII, i.e. c^4 n^-5 e
.
true
, the number of generators in the corresponding group must be 26 or fewer.out | the output stream to which to write. |
shortword | indicates whether to use numbered or alphabetic generators, as described above. |
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Writes this object in long text format to the given output stream.
The output should provide the user with all the information they could want. The output should be human-readable, should not contain extremely long lines (so users can read the output in a terminal), and should end with a final newline.
The default implementation of this routine merely calls writeTextShort() and adds a newline.
out | the output stream to which to write. |
Reimplemented in regina::NSnapPeaTriangulation, regina::NGroupPresentation, regina::NHomMarkedAbelianGroup, regina::NNormalSurfaceList, regina::NTetrahedron, regina::NSatRegion, regina::NVertex, regina::NEdge, regina::Dim2Triangle, regina::NTriangle, regina::NLayeredSolidTorus, regina::NHomGroupPresentation, regina::NGenericIsomorphism< dim >, regina::NGenericIsomorphism< 2 >, regina::NGenericIsomorphism< 3 >, regina::NTriangulation, regina::NComponent, regina::NTxICore, regina::NTriSolidTorus, regina::NAngleStructureList, regina::Dim2Edge, regina::NBoundaryComponent, regina::NLayeredChain, regina::Dim2Vertex, regina::Dim2Component, regina::NScript, regina::NAugTriSolidTorus, regina::NSpiralSolidTorus, regina::NSurfaceFilterProperties, regina::NLayeredTorusBundle, regina::NManifold, regina::NPlugTriSolidTorus, regina::NMatrixInt, regina::NBlockedSFSTriple, regina::NPluggedTorusBundle, regina::Dim2Triangulation, regina::NSurfaceSubset, regina::NLayeredLensSpace, regina::NLayeredLoop, regina::NFileInfo, regina::NBlockedSFSLoop, regina::NSnappedBall, regina::NBlockedSFSPair, regina::Dim2BoundaryComponent, regina::NTrivialTri, regina::NL31Pillow, regina::NLayeredChainPair, regina::NText, regina::NSurfaceFilterCombination, and regina::NBlockedSFS.
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The text representation will be of the form g2^4 g13^-5 g4
.
Implements regina::ShareableObject.
void regina::NGroupExpression::writeXMLData | ( | std::ostream & | out | ) | const |
Writes a chunk of XML containing this expression.
out | the output stream to which the XML should be written. |