hidden {repeated} | R Documentation |
hidden
fits a two or more state hidden Markov chain model with
a variety of distributions. All series on different individuals are
assumed to start at the same time point. Time points are equal,
discrete steps.
To fit an `observed' Markov chain, as well, with Bernoulli or
multinomial responses, use the lagged response as a time-varying
covariate. For quantitative responses, specifying par
allows an
`observed" autoregression to be fitted as well as the hidden Markov chain.
All functions and formulae for the location parameter are on the (generalized) logit scale for the Bernoulli, binomial, and multinomial distributions.
If cmu
and tvmu
are used, these two mean functions are
additive so that interactions between time-constant and time-varying
variables are not possible.
The object returned can be plotted to give the probabilities of being
in each hidden state at each time point. For distributions other than
the multinomial, proportional odds, and continuation ratio, the
(recursive) predicted values can be plotted using
mprofile
and iprofile
.
See MacDonald, I.L. and Zucchini, W. (1997) Hidden Markov and Other Models for Discrete-valued Time Series. Chapman and Hall.
hidden(response=NULL, totals=NULL, distribution="Bernoulli", mu=NULL, cmu=NULL, tvmu=NULL, pgamma, pmu=NULL, pcmu=NULL, ptvmu=NULL, pshape=NULL, pfamily=NULL, par=NULL, pintercept=NULL, delta=NULL, envir=parent.frame(), print.level=0, ndigit=10, gradtol=0.00001, steptol=0.00001, fscale=1, iterlim=100, typsiz=abs(p), stepmax=10*sqrt(p%*%p)) plot.hidden(z, nind=1, state=NULL, smooth=FALSE, main=NULL, ylab=NULL, xlab="Time", xlim=NULL, ...)
response |
A list of two or three column matrices with counts or
category indicators, times, and possibly totals (if the distribution
is binomial), for each individual, one matrix or dataframe of counts,
or an object of class, response (created by
restovec ) or repeated (created by
rmna or lvna ). If the
repeated data object contains more than one response variable,
give that object in envir and give the name of the response
variable to be used here. If there is only one series, a vector of
responses may be supplied instead.
Multinomial and ordinal categories must be integers numbered from 0. |
totals |
If response is a matrix, a corresponding matrix of
totals if the distribution is binomial. Ignored if response has class,
response or repeated . |
distribution |
Bernoulli, Poisson, multinomial, proportional odds, continuation ratio, binomial, exponential, beta binomial, negative binomial, normal, inverse Gauss, logistic, gamma, Weibull, Cauchy, Laplace, Levy, Pareto, gen(eralized) gamma, gen(eralized) logistic, Hjorth, Burr, gen(eralized) Weibull, gen(eralized) extreme value, gen(eralized) inverse Gauss, power exponential, skew Laplace, or Student t. (For definitions of distributions, see the corresponding [dpqr]distribution help.) |
mu |
A general location function with two possibilities: (1) a list of formulae (with parameters having different names) or functions (with one parameter vector numbering for all of them) each returning one value per observation; or (2) a single formula or function which will be used for all states (and all categories if multinomial) but with different parameter values in each so that pmu must be a vector of length the number of unknowns in the function or formula times the number of states (times the number of categories minus one if multinomial). |
cmu |
A time-constant location function with three possibilities:
(1) a list of formulae (with parameters having different names) or
functions (with one parameter vector numbering for all of them) each
returning one value per individual; (2) a single formula or function
which will be used for all states (and all categories if multinomial)
but with different parameter values in each so that pcmu must be a
vector of length the number of unknowns in the function or formula
times the number of states (times the number of categories minus one
if multinomial); or (3) a function returning an array with one row for
each individual, one column for each state of the hidden Markov chain,
and, if multinomial, one layer for each category but the last. If
used, this function or formula should contain the intercept. Ignored
if mu is supplied. |
tvmu |
A time-varying location function with three possibilities:
(1) a list of formulae (with parameters having different names) or
functions (with one parameter vector numbering for all of them) each
returning one value per time point; (2) a single formula or function
which will be used for all states (and all categories if multinomial)
but with different parameter values in each so that ptvmu must be a
vector of length the number of unknowns in the function or formula
times the number of states (times the number of categories minus one
if multinomial); or (3) a function returning an array with one row for
each time point, one column for each state of the hidden Markov chain,
and, if multinomial, one layer for each category but the last. This
function or formula is usually a function of time; it is the same for
all individuals. It only contains the intercept if cmu does
not. Ignored if mu is supplied. |
pgamma |
A square mxm matrix of initial estimates of the hidden
Markov transition matrix, where m is the number of hidden states.
Rows must sum to one. If the matrix contains zeroes or ones, these are
fixed and not estimated. (Ones cannot appear on the diagonal.)
If a 1x1 matrix or a scalar value of 1 is given, the independence
model is fitted. |
pmu |
Initial estimates of the unknown parameters in mu . |
pcmu |
Initial estimates of the unknown parameters in cmu . |
ptvmu |
Initial estimates of the unknown parameters in tvmu . |
pshape |
Initial estimate(s) of the dispersion parameter, for those distributions having one. This can be one value or a vector with a different value for each state. |
pfamily |
Initial estimate of the family parameter, for those distributions having one. |
par |
Initial estimate of the autoregression parameter. |
pintercept |
For multinomial, proportional odds, and continuation
ratio models, p-2 initial estimates for intercept contrasts
from the first intercept, where p is the number of categories. |
delta |
Scalar or vector giving the unit of measurement (always
one for discrete data) for each response value, set to unity by
default. For example, if a response is measured to two decimals,
delta=0.01. If the response is transformed, this must be multiplied by
the Jacobian. For example, with a log transformation,
delta=1/response . Ignored if response has class, response or
repeated . |
envir |
Environment in which model formulae are to be
interpreted or a data object of class, repeated , tccov ,
or tvcov ; the name of the response variable should be given in
response .
If response has class repeated , it is used as the
environment. |
nind |
For plotting: numbers of individuals to plot. |
state |
For plotting: states to plot. |
others |
Arguments controlling nlm . |
A list of classes hidden
and recursive
(unless
multinomial, proportional odds, or continuation ratio) is returned
that contains all of the relevant information calculated, including
error codes.
J.K. Lindsey and P.J. Lindsey
MacDonald, I.L. and Zucchini, W. (1997) Hidden Markov and other Models for Discrete-valued Time Series. Chapman & Hall.
chidden
, gar
,
gnlmm
, iprofile
,
kalcount
, mprofile
,
nbkal
, read.list
,
restovec
, rmna
.
# generate two random Poisson sequences with change-points y <- rbind(c(rpois(5,1), rpois(15,5)), c(rpois(15,1), rpois(5,5))) print(z <- hidden(y,dist="Poisson", cmu=~1, pcmu=c(1,5), pgamma=matrix(c(0.9,0.2,0.1,0.8),ncol=2))) # or equivalently mu <- function(p) array(rep(p[1:2],rep(2,2)), c(2,2)) print(z <- hidden(y,dist="Poisson", cmu=mu, pcmu=c(1,5), pgamma=matrix(c(0.9,0.2,0.1,0.8),ncol=2))) # or print(z <- hidden(y,dist="Poisson", mu=~rep(a,40), pmu=c(1,5), pgamma=matrix(c(0.9,0.2,0.1,0.8),ncol=2))) par(mfrow=c(3,2)) plot(z, nind=1:2) plot(z, nind=1:2, smooth=TRUE) plot(iprofile(z), lty=2) plot(mprofile(z), add=TRUE) plot(iprofile(z), nind=2, lty=2) plot(mprofile(z), nind=2, add=TRUE)