Here's a road map for the steps you will take during the installation process.
Before you start, make sure to back up every file that is now on your system. If this is the first time a non-native operating system has been installed on your computer, it's quite likely you will need to re-partition your disk to make room for Debian GNU/Linux. Anytime you partition your disk, you should count on losing everything on the disk, no matter what program you use to do it. The programs used in installation are quite reliable and most have seen years of use; but they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you. Even after backing up be careful and think about your answers and actions. Two minutes of thinking can save hours of unnecessary work.
If you are creating a multi-boot system, make sure that you have the distribution media of any other present operating systems on hand. Especially if you repartition your boot drive, you might find that you have to reinstall your operating system's boot loader, or in many cases the whole operating system itself and all files on the affected partitions.
With the exception of the BVM and Motorola VMEbus computers, the only supported installation method for m68k systems is booting from a local disk or floppy using an AmigaOS/TOS/MacOS-based bootstrap, for these machines you will need the original operating system in order to boot Linux. In order to boot Linux on the BVM and Motorola VMEbus machines you will need the ``BVMBug'' or ``16xBug'' boot ROMs.
install.en.txtinstall.en.htmlinstall.en.pdfdselect Tutorialdselect program. This is one means of
installing addition packages onto your system after the basic install is
complete.
Linux/m68k FAQatari-fdisk.txtamiga-fdisk.txtmac-fdisk.txtpmac-fdisk.txt.../current/md5sum.txtmd5sum program, you can ensure that your files are not corrupt by
running md5sum -v -c md5sum.txt.
Hardware information can be gathered from:
Hardware Information Needed for an Install
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Hardware| Information You Might Need |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * How many you have. |
| | * Their order on the system. |
|Hard | * Whether IDE or SCSI (most computers are IDE). |
|Drives | * Available free space. |
| | * Partitions. |
| | * Partitions where other operating systems are |
| | installed. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Resolutions supported. |
|Monitor | * Horizontal refresh rate. |
| | * Vertical refresh rate. |
| | * Color depth (number of colors) supported. |
| | * Screen size. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Type: serial, PS, or USB. |
|Mouse | * Port. |
| | * Manufacturer. |
| | * Number of buttons. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
|Network | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Type of adapter. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
|Printer | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Printing resolutions supported. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Model and manufacturer. |
|Video | * Video RAM available. |
|Card | * Resolutions and color depths supported (these should |
| | be checked against your monitor's capabilities). |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Many brand name products work without trouble on Linux. Moreover, hardware for Linux is improving daily. However, Linux still does not run as many different types of hardware as some operating systems.
You can check hardware compatibility by:
If your computer is connected to a network 24 hours a day (i.e., an Ethernet or equivalent connection — not a PPP connection), you should ask your network's system administrator for this information. On the other hand, if your administrator tells you that a DHCP server is available and is recommended, then you don't need this information because the DHCP server will provide it directly to your computer during the installation process.
If your computer's only network connection is via a serial line, using PPP or an equivalent dialup connection, you will not be able to install the base system over the network. To install the system in this case, you must use a CD, pre-load the base packages on an existing hard disk partition, or prepare floppy disks containing the base packages. See Setting Up PPP, Section 8.9 below for information on setting up PPP under Debian once the system is installed.
It is important to decide what type of machine you are creating. This will determine the disk space requirements for your Debian system.
Once you have gathered information about your computer's hardware, check that your hardware will let you do the type of installation that you want to do.
Depending on your needs, you might manage with less than some of the recommended hardware listed in the table below. However, most users risk being frustrated if they ignore these suggestions. A 68030 or better processor is recommended for m68k installs. You may get by with a little less drive space than shown.
Recommended Minimum System Requirements
+------------------------------------------+
|Install Type| RAM | Hard Drive |
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|No desktop | 16 megabytes | 450 megabytes|
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|With Desktop| 64 megabytes | 1 gigabyte |
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|Server | 128 megabytes| 4 gigabytes |
+------------------------------------------+
Here is a sampling of some common Debian system configurations. You can also get an idea of the disk space used by related groups of programs by referring to Disk Space Needed for Tasks, Section 11.4.
Remember that these sizes don't include all the other materials which are
usually to be found, such as user files, mail, and data. It is always best to
be generous when considering the space for your own files and data. Notably,
the Debian /var partition contains a lot of state information.
The dpkg files (with information on all installed packages) can
easily consume 20MB; with logs and the rest, you should usually allocate at
least 50MB for /var.
Partitioning your disk simply refers to the act of breaking up your disk into sections. Each section is then independent of the others. It's roughly equivalent to putting up walls in a house; if you add furniture to one room it doesn't affect any other room.
If you already have an operating system on your system and want to stick Linux on the same disk, you will need to repartition the disk. Debian requires its own hard disk partitions. It cannot be installed on Windows or MacOS partitions. It may be able to share some partitions with other Linux systems, but that's not covered here. At the very least you will need a dedicated partition for the Debian root.
You can find information about your current partition setup by using a partitioning tool for your current operating system , such as HD SC Setup, HDToolBox, or SCSITool . Partitioning tools always provide a way to show existing partitions without making changes.
In general, changing a partition with a file system already on it will destroy any information there. Thus you should always make backups before doing any repartitioning. Using the analogy of the house, you would probably want to move all the furniture out of the way before moving a wall or you risk destroying it.
If your computer has more than one hard disk, you may want to dedicate one of the hard disks completely to Debian. If so, you don't need to partition that disk before booting the installation system; the installer's included partitioning program can handle the job nicely.
If your machine has only one hard disk, and you would like to completely replace the current operating system with Debian GNU/Linux, you also can wait to partition as part of the installation process (Partitioning for Debian, Chapter 6), after you have booted the installation system. However this only works if you plan to boot the installer system from floppies, CD-ROM or files on a connected machine. Consider: if you boot from files placed on the hard disk, and then partition that same hard disk within the installation system, thus erasing the boot files, you'd better hope the installation is successful the first time around. At the least in this case, you should have some alternate means of reviving your machine like the original system's installation floppies or CDs.
If your machine already has multiple partitions, and enough space can be provided by deleting and replacing one or more of them, then you too can wait and use the Debian installer's partitioning program. You should still read through the material below, because there may be special circumstances like the order of the existing partitions within the partition map, that force you to partition before installing anyway.
In all other cases, you'll need to partition your hard disk before starting the installation to create partition-able space for Debian. If some of the partitions will be owned by other operating systems, you should create those partitions using native operating system partitioning programs. We recommend that you do not attempt to create Debian Linux partitions using another operating system's tools. Instead, you should just create the native operating system's partitions you will want to retain.
If you are going to install more than one operating system on the same machine, you should install all other system(s) before proceeding with Linux installation. Windows and other OS installations may destroy your ability to start Linux, or encourage you to reformat non-native partitions.
You can recover from these actions or avoid them, but installing the native system first saves you trouble.
If you currently have one hard disk with one partition (a common setup for desktop computers), and you want to multi-boot the native operating system and Debian, you will need to:
If you are running AmigaOS, you can use the HDToolBox program to
adjust your native partitions prior to installation.
Atari partition IDs are three ASCII characters, use ``LNX'' for data and ``SWP'' for swap partitions. If using the low memory installation method, a small Minix partition is also needed (about 2 MB), for which the partition ID is ``MNX''. Failure to set the appropriate partition IDs not only prevents the Debian installation process from recognizing the partitions, but also results in TOS attempting to use the Linux partitions, which confuses the hard disk driver and renders the whole disk inaccessible.
There are a multitude of third party partitioning tools available (the Atari
harddisk utility doesn't permit changing the partition ID); this
manual cannot give detailed descriptions for all of them. The following
description covers SCSITool (from Hard+Soft GmBH).
SCSITool and select the disk you want to partition (``Disk''
menu, item ``select'').
For the ``Change'' option, select the partition to change in the selection list, and select ``other systems'' in the dialog box. The next window lists detailed information about the location of this partition, and lets you change the partition ID. Save changes by leaving the window with the ``OK'' button.
SCSITool using the ``Quit'' item from the ``File'' menu. The
computer will reboot to make sure the changed partition table is used by TOS.
If you changed any TOS/GEM partitions, they will be invalidated and have to be
reinitialized (we told you to back up everything on the disk, didn't we?).
There is a partitioning tool for Linux/m68k called atari-fdisk in
the installation system, but for now we recommend you partition your disk using
a TOS partition editor or some disk tool. If your partition editor doesn't
have an option to edit the partition type, you can do this crucial step at a
later stage (from the booted temporary install RAMdisk). SCSITool
is only one of the partition editors we know of which supports selection of
arbitrary partition types. There may be others; select the tool that suits
your needs.
Partitioning tools for Macintosh tested include pdisk, HD SC
Setup 7.3.5 (Apple), HDT 1.8 (FWB),
SilverLining (LaCie), and DiskTool (Tim Endres, GPL).
Full versions are required for HDT and SilverLining.
The Apple tool requires a patch in order to recognize third-party disks (a
description on how to patch HD SC Setup using ResEdit
can be found at http://www.euronet.nl/users/ernstoud/patch.html).
For IDE based Macs, you need to use Apple Drive Setup to create
empty space for the Linux partitions, and complete the partitioning under
Linux, or use the MacOS version of pdisk available from the MkLinux FTP server.
This section will walk you through pre-installation hardware setup, if any, that you will need to do prior to installing Debian. Generally, this involves checking and possibly changing firmware settings for your system. The ``firmware'' is the core software used by the hardware; it is most critically invoked during the bootstrap process (after power-up). Known hardware issues affecting the reliability of Debian GNU/Linux on your system are also highlighted.
Motorola 680x0 machine are generally self-configuring and do not require
firmware configuration. However, you should make sure that you have the
appropriate ROM and system patches. On the Macintosh, MacOS version >= 7.1
is recommended because version 7.0.1 contains a bug in the video drivers
preventing the boot loader from deactivating the video interrupts, resulting in
a boot hang. The Amiga bootstrap requires ixemul.library, a
version of which is distributed on the CD-ROM. On the BVM VMEbus systems you
should make sure you are using BVMBug revision G or higher boot ROMs. The
BVMBug boot ROMs do not come as standard on the BVM systems but are available
from BVM on request free of charge. FIXME: Mac needs >= 7.1 ? AmigaOS
setpatch and ROM revisions? (see the m68k FAQ)
Many people have tried operating their 90 MHz CPU at 100 MHz, etc. It
sometimes works, but is sensitive to temperature and other factors and can
actually damage your system. One of the authors of this document over-clocked
his own system for a year, and then the system started aborting the
gcc program with an unexpected signal while it was compiling the
operating system kernel. Turning the CPU speed back down to its rated value
solved the problem.
The gcc compiler is often the first thing to die from bad memory
modules (or other hardware problems that change data unpredictably) because it
builds huge data structures that it traverses repeatedly. An error in these
data structures will cause it to execute an illegal instruction or access a
non-existent address. The symptom of this will be gcc dying from
an unexpected signal.
Atari TT RAM boards are notorious for RAM problems under Linux; if you encounter any strange problems, try running at least the kernel in ST-RAM. Amiga users may need to exclude RAM using a booter memfile. FIXME: more description of this needed.
Installing Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 For Motorola 680x0
version 3.0.23, 16 May, 2002